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References/Bibliografia MAURO BERNARDI

1. Ginés P, Quintero E, Arroyo V, Teres J, Bruguera M, Rimola A, Caballeria J, Rodés J, Rozman C. Compensated cirrhosis: natural history and prognostic factors. Hepatology 1987; 7:122-8.
2. Gentilini P, Laffi G, La Villa G, Romanelli RG, Buzzelli G, Casini-Raggi V, Melani L, Mazzanti R, Riccardi D, Pinzani M, Zignego AL.Long course and prognostic factors of virus-induced cirrhosis of the liver. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92:66-72.
3. D’Amico G, Morabito A, Pagliaro L, Marubini E. Survival and prognostic indicators in compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 1986; 31:468-75.
4. Llach J, Ginés P, Arroyo V, Rimola A, Tito L, Badalamenti S, Jimenez W, Gaya J, Rivera F, Rodes J. Prognostic value of arterial pressure, endogenous vasoactive systems and renal function in cirrhotic patients admitted to the hospital for the treatment of ascites. Gastroenterology 1988; 94:482-7.
5. Salerno F, Borroni G, Moser P, Badalamenti S, Cassara L, Maggi A, Fusini M, Cesana B. Survival and prognostic factors of cirrhotic patients with ascites: a study of 134 outpatients. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88:514-9.
6. Bernardi M, Caraceni P, Trevisani F, Sica G, Colantoni A, Gasbarrini A. Impact of ascites on survival of patients with liver cirrhosis. In: Surrogate Markers in Liver Disease, Puopon R, Reichen J, Ed; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht 1996; 88-101.
7. Barrowman JA, Granger DN. Effects of experimental cirrhosis on splanchnic microvascular fluid and solute exchange in the rat. Gastroenterology 1984; 87:165-72. 8. Wood LJ, Colman J, Dudley FJ. The relationship between portal pressure and plasma albumin in the development of cirrhotic ascites. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1987; 2:525-31.
9. Schrier RW, Arroyo V, Bernardi M, Epstein M, Henriksen JH, Rodés J. Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988; 8:1151-58
10. Groszmann RJ. Hyperdynamic circulation of liver disease 40 years later: pathophysiology and clinical consequences. Hepatology 1994; 20:1359-63.
11. Møller S, Henriksen JH. The systemic circulation in cirrhosis. In: Ascites and renal dysfunction in liver disease, Arroyo V, Ginès P, Rodés J, Schrier RW, eds. Malden MA: Blackwell Science Inc, 1999; 307-29.
12. Bernardi M, Caraceni P. Pathogenesis of ascites and hepatorenal syndrome: altered haemodynamics and neurohumoral systems. In: Gerbes AL, Beuers U, Jüngst D, Pape GR, Sackmann M, Sauerbruch T, Eds. Hepatology 2000. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers 2001; 185-203.
13. MacGilchrist AJ, Summer D, Reid JL. Impaired pressor reactivity in cirrhosis: evidence for a peripheral vascular defect. Hepatology 1991; 13:689-94.
14. Bernardi M, Rubboli A, Trevisani F, Cancellieri C, Ligabue A, Baraldini M, Gasbarrini G.. Reduced cardiovascular responsiveness to exercise-induced sympatho-adrenergic stimulation in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1991; 12:207-16.
15. Ryan J, Sudhir K, Jennings G, et al. Impaired reactivity of the peripheral vasculature to pressor agents in alcoholic cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1993; 105:1167-72.
16. Islam MZ, Williams BC, Madhavan KK, et al. Selective alteration of agonist-mediated contraction in hepatic arteries isolated from patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2000; 118: 765-71.
17. Martin PY, Schrier RW. Nitric oxide and systemic and renal hemodynamic disturbances in cirrhosis. In: Ascites and renal dysfunction in liver disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment, Arroyo V, Ginès P, Rodés J, Schrier RW, eds. Malden MA: Blackwell Science Inc 1999; 273-90.
18. Oberti F, Sogni P, Cailmail S, Moreau R, Pipy B, Lebrec D. Role of prostacyclin in hemodynamic alterations in conscious rats with extrahepatic or intrahepatic portal hypertension. Hepatology 1993; 18:621-7.
19. Ginés P, Fernandez-Esparrach G, Arroyo V, Rodés J. Pathogenesis of ascites in cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 1997; 17:175-89.
20. Bernardi M, Trevisani F, Caraceni P. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in cirrhosis. In: “The Liver and the Kidney”, Schrier RW, Arroyo V, Rodés J, Ginés O, Blackwell Scientific Pub: Malden MA 1999; 175-97.
21. Ginès P, Berl T, Bernardi M, Bichet D, Hamon G, Jiménez W, Liard J, Martin P, Schrier RW. Hyponatremia in cirrhosis: from pathogenesis to treatment. Hepatology 1998; 28:851-864.
22. Runyon BA. Management of adult patients with ascites caused by cirrhosis. Hepatology 1998; 27:264-72.

23. Salerno F, Angeli P, Bernardi M, Laffi G, Riggio O, Salvagnini M. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cirrhotic patients with ascites. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 31: 626-34.
24. Bernardi M, Santini C, Trevisani F, Baraldini M, Ligabue A, Gasbarrini G. Renal function impairment induced by change in posture in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Gut 1985; 26:629-35.
25. Ring-Larsen H, Henriksen JH, Wilken C, Clausen J, Pals H, Christensen NJ. Diuretic treatment in decompensated cirrhosis and congestive heart failure: effect of posture. Br Med J 1986; 292: 1351-53.
26. Arroyo V, Ginès P, Saló J. A European survey on the treatment of ascites in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1994; 21:667-72.
27. Descos L, Gauthier A, Levy VG, Michel H, Quinton A, Rueff B, Fermanian J, Fombonne E, Durbec JP. Comparison of six treatments of ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis. A clinical trial. Hepatogastroenterology 1983; 30:15-20.
28. Strauss E, De Sa MF, Lacet CM, Cartapattida da Silva E, Dos Santos RW. Padronizaçao de conduta terapeutica das ascites do hepatopata cronico. Estudo prospectivo de 100 casos. Gastroenterol Endosc Dig 1985; 4:79-86.
29. Gauthier A, Levy VG, Quinton A, Michel H, Rueff B, Descos L, Durbec JP, Fermanian J, Lancrenon S. Salt or no salt in the treatment of cirrhotic ascites: a randomised study. Gut 1986; 27: 705-9.
30. Bernardi M, Laffi G, Salvagnini M, Azzena G, Bonato S, Marra F, Trevisani F, Gasbarrini G, Naccarato R, Gentilini P. Efficacy and safety of the stepped care medical treatment of ascites in liver cirrhosis: a randomized controlled clinical trial comparing two diets with different sodium content. Liver 1993; 13:156-62.
31. Reynolds TB, Lieberman FL, Goldman AR. Advantages of treatment of ascites without sodium restriction and without complete removal of excess fluid. Gut 1978;19:549-53.
32. Fogel MR, Sawhney VK, Neal EA, Miller RG, Knauer CM, Gregory PB. Diuresis in the ascitic patient: a randomized controlled trial of three regimens. J Clin Gastroenterol 1981; 3 (Suppl 1): 73-80.
33. Pérez-Ayuso RM, Arroyo V, Planas R, Gaya J, Bory F, Rimola A, Rivera F, Rodés J. Randomized comparative study of efficacy of furosemide versus spironolactone in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites. Gastroenterology 1983; 84:961-68.
34. Karim A. Spironolactone metabolism in man revisited. In: Brunner HR Ed, Contemporary Trends in Diuretic Therapy. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1986; 22-37. 35. Bernardi M, Servadei D, Trevisani F, Servadei D, Gasbarrini G. Importance of plasma aldosterone concentration on the natriuretic effect of spironolactone in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites. Digestion 1985, 31:189-93.
36. Andriulli A, Arrigoni A, Gindro T, Karbowiak I, Buzzetti G, Armanini D. Canrenone and androgen receptor-active materials in plasma of cirrhotic patients during long-term K-canrenoate or spironolactone therapy. Digestion 1989; 44:155-62.
37. Gabow PA, Moore S, Schrier RW. Spironolactone-induced hyperchloremic acidosis in cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med 1979; 90:338-40.
38. Lant A. Diuretics. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use (Part II). Drugs 1985; 29:162-88.
39. Angeli P, Dalla Pria M, De Bei E, Albino G, Caregaro L, Merkel C, Ceolotto G, Gatta A. Randomized clinical study of the efficacy of amiloride and potassium canrenoate in nonazotemic cirrhotic patients with ascites. Hepatology 1994; 19:72-9. 40. Pockros PJ, Reynolds TB. Rapid diuresis in patients with ascites from chronic liver disease: the importance of peripheral edema. Gastroenterology 1986; 90:1827-33. 41. Bernardi M, De Palma R, Trevisani F, Santini C, Patrono D, Motta R, Servadei D, Gasbarrini G. Effects of a new loop diuretic (muzolimine) in cirrhosis with ascites: comparison with furosemide. Hepatology 1986; 6:400-5.
42. Laffi G, Marra F, Buzzelli G, Azzena G, Meacci E, De Feo ML, La Villa G, Gentilini P. Comparison of the effects of torasemide and furosemide in nonazotemic cirrhotic patients with ascites: a randomized, double-blind study. Hepatology 1991; 13:1101-05.
43. Ginés P, Arroyo V, Quintero E, Planas R, Bory F, Cabrera J, Rimola A, Viver J, Camps J, Jiménez W, et al. Comparison of paracentesis and diuretics in the treatment of cirrhotics with tense ascites. Results of a randomized study. Gastroenterology 1987; 93:234-41.
44. Tito L, Gines P, Arroyo V, Planas R, Panes J, Rimola A, Llach J, Humbert P, Badalamenti S, Jimenez W, Rodes J. Total paracentesis associated with intravenous albumin management of patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Gastroenterology 1990; 98:146-51.
45. Salerno F, Badalamenti S, Lorenzano E, Moser P, Incerti P. Randomized comparative study of hemaccel vs. albumin infusion after total paracentesis in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. Hepatology 1991; 13:707-13.
46. Planas R, Gines P, Arroyo V, Llach J, Panes J, Vargas V, Salmeron JM, Gines A, Toledo C, Rimola A, Jimenez W, Asbert M, Gassul MA, Rodes J. Dextran-70 versus albumin as plasma expanders in cirrhotic patients with tense ascites treated with total paracentesis. Results of a randomized study. Gastroenterology 1990; 99:1736-1744. 47. Conn HO. The paracentesis pendulum. Hepatology 1985; 5:521-22.
48. Cabrera J, Inglada L, Quintero E, Jimenez W, Losada A, Mayor J, Guerra C. Large-volume paracentesis and intravenous saline: effects on the reninangiotensin system. Hepatology 1991; 14:1025-28.
49. Ginés A, Fernandez-Esparrach G, Monescillo A, Vila C, Domenech E, Abecasis R, Angeli P, Ruiz-Del Arbol L, Planas R, Sola R, Ginés P, Terg R, Inglada L, Vaque P, Salerno F, Vargas V, Clemente G, Quer JC, Jiménez W, Arroyo V, Rodés J. Randomised trial comparing albumin, dextran 70, and polygeline in cirrhotic patients with ascites treated by paracentesis. Gastroenterology 1996; 111:1002-10.
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54. Gines P, Arroyo V, Vargas V, Planas R, Casafont F, Panes J, Hoyos M, Viladomiu L, Rimola A, Morillas R, Salmeron JM, Gines A, Esteban F, Rodes J. Paracentesis with intravenous infusion of albumin as compared with peritoneovenous shun-ting in cirrhosis with refractory ascites. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:829-35.
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