Fabio Franchi - Terapia per l’infezione da HIV: revisione critica e proposte alternative

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25 Duesberg 2003 op.cit.
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34 Drugs approved from the FDA: Tipranavir. June 2005 http://www.centerwatch.com/patient/drugs/dru880.html
35 Hoffman – Kamps 2003 op.cit.
36 Discordanza VL-CD4
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• Nadine G. Pakker*, the INCAS Study Group. Immune restoration does not invariably occur following long-term HIV-1 suppression during antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 1999, 13:203–212.
• Lu W, Andrieu JM. HIV protease inhibitors restore impaired T-cell proliferative response in vivo and in vitro: a viral-suppression-independent mechanism. Blood. 2000 Jul 1;96(1):250-8. Comment in: Blood. 2001 Mar 15;97(6):1898-901.
• Aiko Okano et al. Discordant Movement of CD4-Positive T-Cell Count in HIV-1 Infected Patients with HAART Failure Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 55, 62-65, 2002
• Grabar S et al. Clinical outcome of patients with HIV-1 infection according to immunologic and virologic response after 6 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Ann Int Med 2000. 133(6):401-410,)
• Sabin C et al. Discordant immunological and virological responses to HAART. Seventh Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, abstract 333, 2000.)
37 Deeks SG et al. Sustained CD4+ T cell response after virologic failure of protease inhibitor-based regimens in patients with human immunodeficience virus infection.J Inf Dis 181(3):946-953, 2000.
38 Fleming TR. Surrogate end points in clinical trias: are we being misled? Ann Int Med 1996;125:605-13.
39 Il n° dei CD4: parametro considerato nella definizione di AIDS (definizione dei CDC -1993) e valutato nei protocolli per l’inizio o la interruzione della terapia, per l’inizio o la sospensione della profilassi della toxoplasmosi e PCP.
40 immunoattivazione cronica
• Silvestri G, Feinberg MB. (2003) Op.cit..
41 Poli G, Fauci AS. The effect of cytokines and pharmacologic agents on chronic HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1992 Feb;8(2):191-7.
42 Kremer H La rivoluzione silenziosa della medicina di cancro ed AIDS. Macroedizioni 2003.
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44 immunoattivazione = progressione
• Mette D. et al. Persistent immune activation in HIV-1 infection is associated with progression to AIDS. AIDS 2003, 17:1881–1888.
Sousa AG. CD4 T cell depletion is linked directly to immune activation. J Immunol 2002;169:3400-6
Accelerated T cell turnover as a result of chronic immune activation:
• J. Clin. Invest. 112:821–824 (2003).
45 Long-term HIV suppression does not invariably lead to immune restoration.
• Nadine G. Pakker*, the INCAS Study Group. Immune restoration does not invariably occur following long-term HIV-1 suppression during antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 1999, 13:203–212.
46 Passi S Progressive increase of oxidative stress in advancing immunodeficiency. Continuum magazine 5(4):21-27.
47 HIV pathogenicity
• Poli G, Fauci AS. The effect of cytokines and pharmacologic agents on chronic HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1992 Feb;8(2):191-7.
• Kalebic T, Kinter A, Poli G, Anderson ME, Meister A, Fauci AS. (1991). Suppression of human immunodeficieny virus expression in chronically infected monocytic cells by glutathione, glutathione ester, and N-acetylcysteine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 88:986-990.
48 Montagnier L, Olivier R, Pasquier C, eds. Oxidative stress in cancer, AIDS and neurogenerative diseases. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1998.
49 Passi S Ippolito F. op.cit. 1996,
50 Oxidative Stress, HIV and AIDS E. Papadopulos-Eleopulos et al . http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/data/epresimmun.htm
51 Kremer H. Op. Cit. 2003
52 S Kostensea et al. T cell expansions in lymph nodes and peripheral blood in HIV-1-infected individuals: effect of antiretroviral therapy AIDS 2001;15:1097-1107.
Tang AG et al. Improved antioxidant status among HIV infected on potent antiretroviral therapy JAIDS 2000;23:321-6
Monini et al. 2003 Op. cit.
Effetto proteasi
• Deeks SG et al. J Inf Dis 2000, op. cit..
• Lu W Blood. 2000 op. cit.
Inibizione virale da antiinfiammatori
• F. Pereira et al. Aspirin-like molecules that inhibit HIV 1 replication. Antiviral Research 2003. 58; 253–263.
Effetto verso i radicali liberi:
• GionchettiP ert al. Scavenger effect of sulfalazine, 5-amynosalycilic, and olsalazine on superoxide radical gneration. Dig. Dis. Sci 1991;36:174-8
53 Lu W. Blood 2000 op. cit.
54 effetto immunomodulazione HAART
• Andre P et al. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease modulates proteasome activity, antigen presentation, and T cell responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Oct 27;95(22):13120-4.
• Atlas A et al. Effects of potent antiretroviral therapy on the immune activation marker soluble CD27 in patients infected with HIV-1 subtypes A-D. J Med Virol. 2004 Mar;72(3):345-51.
55 Cortisonici
• J-M Andrieu & W Lu. Long-term [10 years!] clinical, immunologic and virologic impact of glucocorticoids on the chronic phase of HIV infection BMC Medicine 2004, 2:17
56 Proprietà dell’aspirina
• EN Sibanda et al. AIDS Vaccines and Related Topics, 2004 (in press).
Aspirina ed AIDS (cd4<200 cells).
• GA Stankzuk, et al. Acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin), micronutrients and chloroquine in the management of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Cent Afr J Med 2002;48(3/4):42-9.
EN Sibanda et al. Acetyl salicylic acid (ASPIRIN) increases the CD4+ T lymphocytes and suppresses TNF-a in HIV-1 infected patients: Results of a 12 month, three-arm, placebo controlled pilot study. AIDS Vaccines and Related Topics, 2004 (in press).
57 salazopirina
• Disla E, Rhim HR, et al.. Improvement in CD4 lymphocyte count in HIV-Reiter's syndrome after treatment with sulfasalazine. Rheumatol 1994 Apr;21(4):662-4
58 P. Duesberg: http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/index/pduesberg.htm E. Eleopulos Papadopulos: http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/index/epapadopoulos.htm

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